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H' at. wt. (natural) 1.007967
   at. wt. (H') 1.007822
   at. no. 1
   m.p. - 259.140C
   b.p. - 252.870C 
   density 0.08988 gm./l
   density (liquid) 70.8 gm/i. (-2530C)
   density (solid) 7016 gm/i. (-2620C)
   valence 1.

**Electronic configuration**
K	L	M	N	O	P	Q
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
s	s p	s p d	s p d f	s p d f	s p d f	s p d f
1

BISMUTH (Ger. Weisse Masse, white mass; later Wis- muth and Bisemutum), Bi; at. wt. 208.9806; at. no.83; m.p. 271 .30C; b.p. 1560 15760 0C; sp. gr. 9.747 (200C) ; valence 3 or 5. In early times bismuth was confused with fin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753. It is a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs native. The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance (Bi2S3) and bismfle (Bi2O3). Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bis- muth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, fin, silver, and gold ores. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, apd has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in ejectrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). "Bismanol" is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, THE ELEMENTh~Contiiiued) made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high tempera- tures. With other metals, such as tin, cadmium, etc., bis- muth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices used in fire detection anduextinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocouple material (has highest negativity known), and has found application as a carrier for U235 or U233 fuel in atomic reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by form- ing insoluble basic salts on the addition of water-a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychlorjde is used extensively in cosmetict Bismuth subnitrate and sub- carbonate are used in medicine. High-purity bismuth metal costs about $4/lb.

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