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Cs
Cs at. wt. 132.905
at. no. 55
m.p. 28.5°C
b.p. 690°C
sp. gr. 1.873 (20°C)
valence 1.
| SHELL | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q |
| SUB SHELL | He | Neon | Argon | Krypton | Xenon | Radon | Eka-radon |
| 1s | 2s 2p | 3s 3p | 3d 4s 4p | 4d 5s 5p | 4f 5d 6s 6p | 5f 6d 7s 7p | |
| Cesium | 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6 | 4f05d06s1 | |||||
| Symbol | 2S½ | ||||||
Cesium was discovered spectroscopically by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860 in mineral water from Dürkheim. Cesium, an alkali metal, occurs in lepidolite, pollucite (a hydrated silicate of aluminum and cesium) and in other sources. One of the world's richest sources of cesium is located at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. The deposits are estimated to contain 300,000 tons of pollucite, averaging 20 % cesium. It can be isolated by electrolysis of the fused cyanide and by a number of other methods. Very pure, gas-free cesium can be prepared by thermal decomposition of cesium azide. The metal is characterized by a spectrum containing two bright lines in the blue along with several others in the red, yellow and green. It is silvery-white, soft, and ductile. It is the most electro-positive and most alkaline element. Cesium; gallium and mercury are the only three metals that are liquid at room temperature. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and reacts with ice at temperatures above - I 160C. Cesium hydroxide, the strongest base known, attacks glass. Because of its great affinity for oxygen the metal is used as a "getter" in radio tubes. It is also used in photo-electric cells, as well as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of certain organic compounds. The metal has recently found application in ion propulsion systems. Although these are not usable in the earth's atmosphere, 1 lb. of cesium in outer space theoretically will propel a vehicle 140 times as far as the burning of the same amount of any known liquid or solid. Cesium is used in atomic clocks, which are accurate to 5 sec. in 300 yrs. Its chief compounds are the chloride and the nitrate. The present price of cesium is about $100 to $150/lb., depending on quantity and purity.
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