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MnMn at. wt. 54.9380 at. no. 25 m.p. 1244 ±3°C b.p. 2097°C sp. gr. 7.21-7.44 (depending on allotropic form) valence 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 7
| SHELL | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q |
| SUB SHELL | He | Neon | Argon | Krypton | Xenon | Radon | Eka-radon |
| 1s | 2s 2p | 3s 3p | 3d 4s 4p | 4d 5s 5p | 4f 5d 6s 6p | 5f 6d 7s 7p | |
| Manganese | 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2 | ||||||
| Symbol | 6S5/2 | ||||||
Manganese was recognized by Scheele, Bergman, and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon. Manganese minerals are widely distributed; oxides, silicates, and carbonates are the most common. The recent discovery of large quantities of manganese nodules on the floor of the oceans appears promising as a new source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese together with many other elements in lesser abundance. Large deposits of nodules, extending over many square miles, have been found in Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) are common qres. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis. It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically, and decomposes cold water slowly. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. In steel, manganese improves the rolling and forging qualities, strength, tough- ness, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness, and hardenability. With aluminum and antimony, especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent. The dioxide (pyro- lusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells, and is used to "decolorize" glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color, and is responsible for the~color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen, chlorine, and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine. Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B1.
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